SEATTLE — As Seattle Children's hospital continues to battle mold in its operating rooms, many may wonder about the mold that caused the infections: Aspergillus. Here’s what you need to know.
Aspergillus (pronounced asper-jillus) is the most common type of mold found in the environment. It is in soil, compost, and dust. Aspergillus spores are one-hundredth the width of a hair and most people breathe them in every day. The fungus can grow on damp walls and is a major component of mildew. Construction, renovation, or any other activities that stir up dust can drastically increase the concentration of Aspergillus in the air. Aspergillus even grows inside the International Space Station.
Since daily exposure is common, background levels of Aspergillus are not dangerous to people with healthy immune systems. Those with weakened immune systems, such as those in chemotherapy treatment, or those who have had bone marrow or stem cell transplants, are at higher risk of infection from Aspergillus.
What is Aspergillosis?
Aspergillosis is any infection caused by Aspergillus. This is most commonly found in the lungs when the mold and spores have been breathed in and presents with pneumonia-like symptoms including fever, cough, chest pain, and breathlessness. Exposure to Aspergillus during surgery can result in infection anywhere in the body, exhibiting symptoms like hotness and swelling, similar to infections caused by bacteria.
Again, those who are not immuno-compromised are at a low risk for infection.
“Ordinarily with current medications that are available, in combination with someone’s immune system helping to fight back, we can clear those infections. But sometimes they’re too severe to be able to clear,” said Dr. Joel Kaufman, an epidemiologist and Professor at University of Washington’s School of Public Health.
“In healthy people, they breathe in dozens or hundreds of spores every day and it’s no problem at all,” he added.
What can be done?
While killing spores of Aspergillus is extremely difficult, regular cleaning and keeping dust levels under control is usually enough to keep exposure levels down. As with any mold, moisture will also promote growth. For a hospital setting, maintaining low levels of Aspergillus is accomplished by regular cleaning of surfaces, air filtration, and controlling air sources to ensure that unfiltered air doesn’t leak in. Construction and renovation may increase the concentrations of Aspergillus and require special monitoring.
Because it is so prevalent in all environments, monitoring hospitals for Aspergillus is not a common practice. When it is monitored, the standard method for detection is sampling air filters and growing it in a culture.
“I suspect that a hospital that’s had a problem is going to do regular testing to convince itself and to convince their patient population that it’s safe going forward," Kaufman said. "But it has not been the routine to do this kind of testing all the time.”
Laura Fattaruso is KING 5's 2019 Summer Science Fellow, a graduate student from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst.
This story was originally published in July 2019.